Text Field

Text Field allows users to enter text.

Usage
Styling

Basic Features
Validation
Read-Only & Disabled
Style Variants
Autoselect
Related Components

Text Field allows users to enter text. Prefix and suffix components, such as icons, are also supported.

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TextField textField = new TextField();
textField.setLabel("Street Address");
textField.setValue("Ruukinkatu 2");
textField.setClearButtonVisible(true);
textField.setPrefixComponent(VaadinIcon.MAP_MARKER.create());
add(textField);

Basic Features

The following features, common to most input field components, are supported:

Label

The label is used to identify the input field. It supports plain-text content, and its length is limited to the width of the field. Helpers and Tooltips can be used to provide additional information that doesn’t fit into the label.

Visible labels are strongly recommended for all input fields. In cases where the built-in label cannot be used, an external element can be associated as the field’s label through the aria-labelledby attribute. Fields without any visible label should include an invisible label for assistive technologies with the aria-label attribute.

Helper

Helpers are used to provide additional information that the user may need to enter in the field, such as format requirements or explanations of the field’s purpose below the field.

A style variant is available for rendering the helper above the field.

In addition to plain text, helpers can contain components and HTML elements. However, complex and interactive content is likely to have accessibility issues.

Placeholder

The placeholder is text that’s displayed when the field is empty. Its primary purpose is to provide a short input hint (e.g., the expected format) in situations where a Helper cannot be used.

Placeholders should not be used as a replacement for a visible label. They can be mistaken for a manually entered value. See Label for alternatives to the built-in field label.

Clear Button

The clear button — which is displayed when the field is not empty — clears the field’s current value. Although the button itself is not keyboard focusable, the clear action can be taken with the Esc key, when the field has focus. The clear button can be especially useful in search and filter fields, where users often need to clear the value. They’re less useful, however, in regular forms.

Prefix & Suffix

Prefix and suffix elements — rendered at either end of the field — can be used to display units, icons, and similar visual cues to the field’s purpose or format.

Prefix and suffix elements typically don’t work well with assistive technologies like screen readers. Therefore, the information communicated by them should also be conveyed through other means, such as in a Label, a Helper, or through ARIA attributes on the field itself.

External & Invisible Labels (ARIA)

Visible labels are strongly recommended for all input fields. In situations where the built-in label cannot be used, an external element can be associated as the field’s label through its element id. Fields without any visible label should be provided an invisible label for assistive technologies like screen readers.

<!-- Associates external element as label: -->
<label id="external-label">This is the label</label>
<vaadin-text-field accessible-name-ref="external-label">...

<!-- Invisible label for screen readers: -->
<vaadin-text-field accessible-name="This is the label">...

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TextField field = new TextField();
field.setLabel("Label");
field.setHelperText("Helper text");
field.setPlaceholder("Placeholder");
field.setTooltipText("Tooltip text");
field.setClearButtonVisible(true);
field.setPrefixComponent(VaadinIcon.VAADIN_H.create());
field.setSuffixComponent(new Span(":)"));

Validation

Text Field provides a validation mechanism based on constraints. Constraints allow you to define criteria that the value must meet to be considered valid. Validation occurs typically when the user initiates a value change, for example by entering input and pressing Enter. If the value is invalid, the field is highlighted in red, and an error message appears underneath the input. Certain constraints, however, can proactively prevent users from entering characters that would result in an invalid value.

Below is a list of supported constraints with more detailed information:

Required

Required fields are marked with an indicator next to the label, and become invalid if their value is first entered and then cleared.

An instruction text at the top of the form explaining the required indicator is recommended. The indicator itself can be customized with the --lumo-required-field-indicator style property.

Min & Max Length

The minimum and maximum input length value constraints dictate the smallest, and the largest number of characters a field accepts. It triggers a validation error if a value shorter than the minimum length is entered, and limits text entered to the maximum length. They can be used to enforce specific formats, or to cap the value to the length supported by the underlying database schema.

In cases where the length requirements may not be clear to the user, it’s recommended to provide this information, for example by using a Helper.

Pattern

The pattern is a regular expression used to validate the full value entered into the field. Any value that doesn’t match the pattern, invalidates the field.

Allowed Characters

A separate single-character, regular expression can be used to restrict the characters that can be entered into the field. Characters that don’t match the expression are rejected. However, values set programmatically are not subject to this restriction, even if they contain disallowed characters.

The following example demonstrates how to specify these constraints and provide error messages:

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TextField field = new TextField("Phone number");
field.setRequiredIndicatorVisible(true);
field.setPattern(
        "^[+]?[\\(]?[0-9]{3}[\\)]?[\\-]?[0-9]{3}[\\-]?[0-9]{4,6}$");
field.setAllowedCharPattern("[0-9()+-]");
field.setMinLength(5);
field.setMaxLength(18);

field.setI18n(new TextFieldI18n()
        .setRequiredErrorMessage("Field is required")
        .setMinLengthErrorMessage("Minimum length is 5 characters")
        .setMaxLengthErrorMessage("Maximum length is 18 characters")
        .setPatternErrorMessage("Invalid phone number format"));

It’s important to ensure an appropriate error message is configured for each constraint violation to provide users with clear feedback.

Note	Data Binding & Custom Validation Flow and Hilla offer an advanced API called Binder that allows you to bind data and add custom validation rules for multiple fields, creating forms. You can learn more about Binder from the corresponding Flow and Hilla articles.

Read-Only & Disabled

Fields used to display values should be set to read-only mode to prevent editing. Read-only fields are focusable and visible to screen readers. They can display tooltips. Their values can be selected and copied.

Fields that are currently unavailable should be disabled. The reduced contrast of disabled fields makes them inappropriate for displaying information. They can’t be focused or display tooltips. They’re invisible to screen readers, and their values cannot be selected and copied.

Disabled fields can be useful in situations where they can become enabled based on some user action. Consider hiding fields entirely if there’s nothing the user can do to make them editable.

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TextField readonlyField = new TextField();
readonlyField.setReadOnly(true);
readonlyField.setLabel("Read-only");
readonlyField.setValue("Value");

TextField disabledField = new TextField();
disabledField.setEnabled(false);
disabledField.setLabel("Disabled");

Style Variants

The following style variants can be applied:

Text Alignment

Three different text alignments are supported: left, which is the default; center; and right.

Right-alignment is recommended for numerical values when presented in vertical groups. This tends to aid interpretation and comparison of values.

Small Variant

The small variant can be used to make individual fields more compact. The default size of fields can be customized with style properties.

Helper Above Field

The helper can be rendered above the field, and below the label.

Borders

Borders can be applied to the field surface by providing a value (e.g., 1px) to the --vaadin-input-field-border-width CSS property. This can be applied globally to all input fields using the html selector, or to individual component instances. Borders are required to achieve WCAG 2.1 level AA conformant color contrast with the default Lumo styling of fields.

You can override the default border color with the --vaadin-input-field-border-color property.

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TextField field = new TextField();
field.addThemeVariants(TextFieldVariant.LUMO_SMALL,
        TextFieldVariant.LUMO_ALIGN_RIGHT,
        TextFieldVariant.LUMO_HELPER_ABOVE_FIELD);
field.getStyle().set("--vaadin-input-field-border-width", "1px");

Autoselect

When a field is set to autoselect, its content is selected when the field is focused. Use autoselect when the user might to want to replace the entire value rather than adjust it.

Autoselect Focused with Result

Autoselect	Focused with	Result
`ON`	Pointing device or keyboard navigation.	Content selected.
`OFF`	Pointing device.	Cursor placed where clicked.
`OFF`	Keyboard navigation `Tab`	Cursor at the end of the input value.
`OFF`	Keyboard navigation `Shift`+`Tab`	Contents selected^[1]

ON

Pointing device or keyboard navigation.

Content selected.

OFF

Pointing device.

Cursor placed where clicked.

OFF

Keyboard navigation
Tab

Cursor at the end of the input value.

OFF

Keyboard navigation
Shift+Tab

Contents selected^[1]

A variety of components are available for different types of input:

Component	Usage Recommendation
Text Area	Free-form multi-line text input, for text longer than can typically fit on a single line.
Email Field	For email addresses.
Number Field	Allows only numeric input.
Password Field	For securely entering passwords.
Combo Box	For selecting from a predefined set of options. Allows filtering and entering custom values.
Date Picker	Input field for entering or selecting a specific date.
Time Picker	Input field for entering or selecting a specific time.

Component

Usage Recommendation

Text Area

Free-form multi-line text input, for text longer than can typically fit on a single line.

Email Field

For email addresses.

Number Field

Allows only numeric input.

Password Field

For securely entering passwords.

Combo Box

For selecting from a predefined set of options. Allows filtering and entering custom values.