Localization for Vaadin Charts is handled by setting the values on the Lang object, accessible from the ChartOptions singleton. So in order to set the German month names you’d need to do the following:
Lang german = new Lang();
german.setShortMonths("Jan", …, "Okt", "Nov", "Dez");
ChartOptions.get().setLang(german);
We do have some plans to include ready-made localizations, but we haven’t gotten around to implementing that yet. The thought for the ready made localizations is to set the relevant strings to the Lang object when you call the setLocale method, just like you tried to do.