It is not the component itself but its containing layout that shows the error indicator. Therefore, to have the error indicator in a table cell, it would need to contain a layout containing the text field. However, this is often quite a heavy solution if a lot of such cells are displayed.
Alternatively, the text field will have a certain style name (.v-textfield-error? you can check with e.g. FireBug) when it is in the error state. You could use that to change the look of the field. Note that the field needs to be immediate for the value to be passed to the server when the field loses focus etc. - for a more immediate feedback, the
SuperImmediateTextField add-on could be used.
Depending on your use case, you could also consider using e.g. the
CSValidation add-on instead - it is a text field that is validated on the client side and can display its validation status immediately.